These assassinations were ordered by dictator Papa Doc himself as a part of reprisals against an embryonic anti-Duvalier guerrilla group known as Jeune Haiti that had landed in the region (but none of them were in Jrmie). Cambronne left Haiti in 1971 for Miami, Florida, where he died on 20 September 2006 at 77.[4]. The total number of victims in Port-au-Prince that day was at least 34, although an observer interviewed by the ICHR (1988: 84) quoted the figure of 200. Numa, the taller and thinner of the two, stands erect, in perfect profile, barely . Tonton Macoute, an Album by Tonton Macoute. Rochester, Vermont: Destiny Books. His house was set on fire, with a seven-month-old baby inside. H.J. But the torment did not end with the Duvaliers. While executions were not as widespread as other secret police forces, torture was a matter of course, with many political prisoners left in solitary confinement for lengthy periods of time, deprived of sleep and burned, either by cigarette, grills or even acid. An unruly teen survives the night while being hunted by the Haitian Boogieman. Former Tonton Macoutes Sentenced to Death for 1965 Killings PIERRE-YVES GLASS February 12, 1987 PORT-AU-PRINCE, Haiti (AP) _ A former member of the Duvalier family's private army has been sentenced to death for killing three people by firing a machine gun into a Carnival party in 1965, a court official said Thursday. Diederich, Bernard and Burt, Al, Papa Doc and the Tontons macoutes, Princeton, Markus Wiener Publishers, 2005. 1987 (July 29): Army soldiers fired on a crowd protesting against the armys celebration of the anniversary of the foundation of the macoutes. The Benot, Edelyn and families were exterminated and their bodies left in full view in front of their houses. The MVSN were responsible for systematic rape, torture, disappearances and executions in Haiti during Duvalier and his sons reign of power. Duvalierism since Duvalier, NCHR/ Americas Watch Committee, October 1986. The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable ELIZABETH KNOWLES In several occasions, young children were tortured. The Duvaliers relied on a secret armed militia called Tonton macoutes (its official name was the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale, or National Security Volunteers), which imposed a rule of terror on the Haitian population (Diederich and Burt, 2005). United Nations, Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Haiti prepared by Mr. Adama Dieng (E/CN.4/2001/106), United Nations, New York, 2004. Those who had been injured were threatened at the hospital. Convicted of Murder, Torture for Duvaliers - Los Angeles Times Tonton Macoute | Facts, Information, and Mythology _ *** (MICIVIH, 1999: 5-6; United Nations, 2000: 15). They allegedly wanted revenge for the murder of a sergeant from the local barracks earlier that day. After the July 1958 Haitian coup d'tat attempt against President Franois Duvalier, he purged the army and law enforcement agencies in Haiti and executed numerous officers as he perceived them as a threat to his regime. Aristide returned to power in 1994 with a bigger U.S. force - only to flee again after threats that he would be hacked to death and eaten. Since then, despite the presence of an ineffective UN peacekeeping force, gangs have continued to wreak havoc and murder throughout a country where new graves are guarded to prevent bodies being stolen for voodoo rituals. _ * (Pierre-Charles, 1973: 38 and 44; Leconte, 1999: 38). History In 1970, the militia was renamed the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (VSN, Volunteers of the National Security). Americas Watch Committee (U.S.), National Coalition for Haitian Refugees, Caribbean Rights (Organization). Mission Civile Internationale en Hati (MICIVIH), February 9, 1994, Communiqu de Presse, Port-au-Prince. This regime qualified as a totalitarian one according to Trouilot (1990), who carried out a detailed study of the roots and forms of Duvalierism. Tonton Macoute | Dexter Wiki | Fandom This, coming just a few days before the fiftieth anniversary of April 26, 1963, seems to not only be an attempt at whitewashing the past, but at launching an offensive against those who, on this day, will pause to remember. _ *** (Jolibois, 1988: 46-48 and 213-54; Gaillard, 1995: 267-272 ; Gaillard, 1998: 86). The diversity of the victims was also a measure of the "Macoutes'" cruelty. The Duvalier dynasty ended in 1986, but their legacy remained as Fad'H and former-members of the Tonton Macoutes attempted to suppress voter turnout during the 1987 elections. One of the largest secret police forces behind the Iron Curtain during the Cold War, the Romanian Securitate was founded in 1948, with help from the Soviet Union. Tonton Macoute - Rate Your Music The Tontons Macoutes were an ubiquitous presence in a rigged 1961 election in which Duvalier was unanimously reelected to another term, and once again in 1964 when Duvalier held a rigged referendum that declared him President for Life. 196, 1998. _ *** (Pierre-Charles, 2000: 85-86; Avril, 1999: 146-149; Interviews with witnesses). Soon after Papa Doc Duvalier became president, Emmanuel found his political views at odds with Papa Doc and his secret police, the Tonton Macoute. Filan, Kenaz (2007). At least 13 people[1] (it is impossible to say how many;[2] some sources say 50[3]) were killed and around 80 wounded in a three-hour assault on the Saint-Jean Bosco church in Port-au-Prince, which saw the church burned down. The survivors, hiding in the woods and terrified, wrote to a French priest residing nearby to ask for his protection. The Vieux family lost four of its members. Un Ex-prisonnier politique tmoigne, Port-au-Prince, CRESFED, 1995. Batistas brutal anti communist apparatus in pre-communist Cuba, the Bureau for the Repression of Communist Activities, or BRAC was run by Mariano Faget, a man previously responsible for the discovery and repression of communists, fascists and even Nazi elements in Cuba. After 40 years, the Stasi disbanded with the fall of East Germany. 589-636. The number of victims is unknown but is said to be above three hundred for the first two days. Macoutes: meaning, definition - WordSense Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network, Asia-Pacific under Japanese occupation during World War II, http://www.haiti.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/vrit_justice.pdf, http://www.ijdh.org/2001/06/archive/brian-concannon-justice-for-haiti-the-raboteau-trial/, http://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article1374#.XMLOZJMzbUI. 1929 (December 6): In Marchaterre, in the vicinity of Les Cayes (in the South of the country), the US Marines opened fire on a peaceful demonstration of peasants, killing between 12 and 22 of them. General Kebreau, who was responsible for the killings, was nicknamed General Thompson, in reference to the automatic weapons used by his soldiers. [6], According to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, the following day, "five men and one woman appeared on the government controlled television station (Tl Nationale) and admitted their participation in the attack on the church. Origins and Legacy of Duvalierism, Monthly Review Press, New York, 1990. Aristide, Jean-Bertrand (with Christophe Wargny), Tout homme est un homme (Tout moun se moun), , Editions du Seuil, 1992. He walked the streets at night, looking for children who stayed out too late. Only one body was recovered and the others may have been disappeared. The occupants of the house were members of a pro-democracy group. According to Danroc and Roussire (1995: 21), 60 other individuals were killed in the dpartement (district) of Artibonite alone, also in an attempt to obstruct the election. During the purge, anyone suspected of being an enemy of the state or of Stalins was arrested, tortured and either sent to the Gulags or executed. However, since no material evidence had been brought to the commission, no charges were brought against Lavoie. The Haitian Vodou Handbook: Protocols for Riding with the Lwa. Mythological and Fantastic Female Communities Breath, Eyes, Memory", "DUVALIER FLEES HAITI TO END FAMILY'S 28 YEARS IN POWER: GENERAL LEADS NEW REGIME; 20 REPORTED DEAD", "Revolutionary Front for Haitian Advancement and Progress (FRAPH) Front Rvolutionnaire pour L'Avancement et le Progress Haitien (FRAPH)", "Muslimgauze.org - Discography - Coup D'Etat", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tonton_Macoute&oldid=1136386311, Several semi-legal paramilitary organizations, The track "Tonton Macoutes" appears on the 1987 album. The total number of victims of this 3-year regime varies from 10,000 to 30,000 people according to different sources. Les Tonton Macoute se dplacent dans l'ombre, comme des fantmes. Available at:http://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article1374#.XMLOZJMzbUI. Updated November 6, 2012 6:40 AM. Hundreds were rounded up or disappeared into the bowels of Fort Dimanche, the notorious dungeon prison where many of Papa Doc's victims lost their lives. Members: Paul French (keyboards, vocals), [] State Against Nation. The name was later applied to the Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale, the paramilitary force of Franois 'Papa Doc' Duvalier, Haiti's "President for Life." [26] FRAPH extended its reach far outside that of the Haitian state and had offices present in New York, Montreal and Miami until its disarmament and disbandment in 1994.[27]. The most feared paramilitary group during the 1990s was the Front for the Advancement and Progress of Hati (FRAPH) which Toronto Star journalist Linda Diebel described as modern Tonton Macoutes and not as the political party they claimed to be.[1]. As a result of their political indifference, March 29, 1969 became known as the worst day for the people of Cazale as Duvalier's Tonton Macoute (private army), built a barricade around Cazale, and murdered many young men. massacre 11 - Traduo em portugus - exemplos ingls | Reverso Context Obituary: Jean-Claude 'Baby Doc' Duvalier, Haiti's former - BBC In less than 11 years, the Khmer Rouge and its secret police murdered nearly two million people. There have been many brutal regimes in history that have employed a secret police service to carry out everything from intelligence activities against its citizens, to terror and mass executions. List of battleships of the United States Navy, homonymous Italian Fascist paramilitary organization, Front for the Advancement and Progress of Hati, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, Defunct law enforcement agencies of Haiti, The Central Nervous System of Haitis Reign of Terror, http://books.google.com/books?id=LOhHGx4v23oC&pg=PA33, http://books.google.com/books?id=F84K3p923iIC&pg=PA66, http://books.google.com/books?id=bNLG1G2SnpkC&pg=PA202, http://books.google.com/books?id=4IIB0Yu_sL4C&pg=PA21, The Serpent and the Rainbow film which mentions them. Based on a similar French agency, which the African OCRB often worked with, many crimes by the police force itself have gone unpunished, and a particularly effective method of torture, Le Caf, where one is beaten with a baton and then forced to walk an excruciating distance, became commonplace in interrogations of suspected bandits. Rated #143 in the best albums of 1971, and #4642 of all time album.. Stop the Massacres in Haiti! End U.S. and UN Support for the Criminal In 2001, for the first time in Haitis history, police officers were tried for human rights violations; four of them were convicted and received the minimum sentence for such a crime according to the law, three years imprisonment. Also, for the first time in Haitis history, women (Trouillot, 1990: 153 and 167), children and even infants were targeted by the regime. A nine-year old child from one of them managed to escape but was later found and then brought to the Presidential Palace, where he was allegedly put to death by Franois Duvalier himself. The latest chapter began in 1991 when . Lemoine, Patrick, List of victims of Duvalirism. Concannon, Brian, Justice Dodged, Boston Haitian Reporter, June 2005. More than 250,000 words that aren't in our free dictionary 1994 (night of February 2-3): Killing named Massacre de Carrefour Vincent by the Truth and Justice Commission. The soldiers first shot at voters in the waiting line with automatic weapons, before continuing their attack with machetes inside the polling station. This letter constitutes the sole written testimony of the acts committed against them. In December 2003, more than 13 years after the event, the investigative magistrate (who was the seventh to work on the case) issued a report indicting 53 suspects, including the various landowners and General Prosper Avril, for nine charges including murder. -. In 1959, his paramilitary force was called the Cagoulards ("Hooded Men"). In 1983, Pope John Paul II visited Haiti. 1991 (September 30, October 1): Coup. [18][19], Some of the most important members of the Tontons Macoute were Vodou leaders. As with the notorious Lasalin massacre on November 13th, 2018- perpetrated by G-9 leader Cherizier along with paramilitary affiliates and police officers of the regime- these more recent. The bombs may have been handmade or grenades thrown from the planes. 1963 (April 26): In Port-au-Prince, macoutescarried out a series of assassinations of the families of alleged opponents to the government after a failed attempt to kidnap Papa Docs son Jean-Claude. *** (Chassagne, 1999: 235-262; Pierre-Charles, 2000: 94-102). There should be no statute of limitations for judgment on that. As the world reacted with pledges of help for the latest traumatised victims of the Island of the Damned, rescuers continued their desperate search for bodies and relatives waited for news. National Coalition for Haitian Rights (NCHR), Massacre de la Scierie, trois prsums gnocidaires sous les verrous, Press Communiqu, Port-au-Prince, March 2, 2004. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}183058N 721706W / 18.516N 72.285W / 18.516; -72.285 tonton macoute massacre To this day, no judicial inquiry has been opened on this event. Dahomay, Jacky, La Tentation tyrannique hatienne, Chemins Critiques, vol. Following Ceausescus removal from power in 1989, the Securitate survived two more years, until it was disbanded and reorganized by Romanian Parliament. 1994 (April 22): Event known as the massacre de Raboteau. In Raboteau, a shantytown of Gonaives, Artibonite, army soldiers and FRAPH members killed 14 opponents to the regime in a well-planned operation. 1964 (August): Event known as the massacre des Vpres jrmiennes. In the locality of Jrmie (in the Southwest of the country), army soldiers led by Lt. Abel Jerome, Lt. Sony Borge, Col. Regala and by macoutesSanette Balmir and St. Ange Bomtemps killed 27 individuals (men, women and children); almost all of them belonged to educated mulatto families. Available at: http://www.fordi9.com/Pages/Victlist/ListA.htm. The massacre was carried out by unidentified armed men, probably former Tonton Macoute, and took place without resistance by police or army, despite the church being opposite a barracks. In exuberance of celebration the Tonton Macoute went out into the streets and shot 27 people for the national party. After the fall and exile of Nord Alexis, the various political and military leaders responsible for the March 14 killing were tried and pardoned. Pierre-Charles, Grard, Radiographie dune dictature. Americas Watch, Physicians for Human Rights, National Coalition for Haitian Refugees, Return to the Darkest Days: Human Rights in Haiti since the Coup, New York, 1991. Papa Doc & the Tontons Macoutes by Bernard Diederich | Goodreads The number of their victims remains unknown. _ * (Hurbon, 1987: 10-11, 155 and 143; NCHR, 1986: 53-59; Interviews with witnesses). Men, women, children and elderly people were killed. One of the most brutal secret police forces as well, the Securitate was responsible for monitoring and spying on Romanian citizens, as well as their arrests, tortures and executions. Many times the corpses were put on display, often hung in trees for everyone to see. macoutes Sony Borges and Grard Brunache extinguished their cigarettes in the eyes of crying children. Fifteen of them, including some journalists covering the event, were mowed down in hail of bullets by Duvalier loyalists. Romulus, Marc, Les Cachots des Duvalier. Cambronne moved to Miami, Florida, US, where he lived until his death in 2006. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. According to Pierre-Charles (1973), the urban lumpenproletariatwas the social background of most macoutes. _ In addition to the repression of the rebellion, between hundreds and thousands of civilians died or were killed during forced labor operations called corve, mainly the construction of roads throughout the country. The victims of Tontons Macoutes could range from a woman in the poorest of neighborhoods who had previously supported an opposing politician to a businessman who refused to donate money for public works (which were the source of profit for corrupt officials and even the dictator himself). Tonton Macoute - Wikipdia, a enciclopdia livre Grenades and bombs exploded in the daytime and gunfire crackled at night, resulting in what Bernard Diederich, co-author (with Al Burt) of Papa Doc and the Tonton Macoutes, recently called "a day of mayhem, genocide! La Droute de lintelligence, Le Natal, Port-au-Prince, 1992. [1] According to one witness, the police and army provided protection for the attackers, encircling the church. Literature. There should be no statute of limitations on the disappeared.". We are no longer accepting comments on this article. Aided in part by the CIA, the BRAC was most notably utilized during the 26 of July Movement which brought Fidel Castro and his revolutionaries to Cuba. ", Montas recalls "the smell of rotting bodies for days, but also the gripping smell of fear. The name is Haitian French, apparently with reference to an ogre of folk tales. _ *** (Castor, 1988: 173-175; Gaillard, 1983: 282; Renda, 2001: 34). [17] The Tonton Macoute was heavily influenced by Vodou tradition with denim uniforms resembling clothing like Azaka Medeh, the patron of farmers, and the use of the machete in symbolic reference to Ogun, a great general in Vodou tradition. 1919 (January): 19 Caco prisoners were executed in Hinche on US Captain Lavoies orders. The assault lasted three hours, during which the attackers faced no opposition from the army, whose barracks were located opposite the church. Menu The following day, Vilbrun Sam and Etienne were dragged respectively from the consulates of France and of the Dominican Republic, where they had sought refuge, and were lynched by a mob. Dressed eerily similar to monks and adorned with an emblem consisting of a severed dog's head and a broom, the Oprichniki led brutal campaigns of terror against potential rebellions, either real or imagined, that the Tsar wished to quell. The Tonton Macountes were a staple in the country putting Papa Doc's opponents in their place. Following the purge, when war broke out, the NKVD was equally ruthless, committing war crimes, such as the Katyn Massacre, as well. From the very well known and notorious, to others that may be new to the reader, here are ten of the most vicious, terrifying secret police forces in (mostly) modern history. Not surprisingly, the Gestapo is number one of this list. While the Stasi engaged in arrest and torture through the 1950s and 1960s, by the early 70s the secret police began a far more subversive campaign of psychological torture, disrupting a suspected dissident's personal life via a smear campaign, breaking into ones home to reorganize objects and making threatening phone calls, among other less obvious, but continuous provocations. At least 1,000 people were killed during the following few weeks, according to the Platform of Human Rights Organizations, the main human rights group at that time in the country. Haitian police and military units also acted with impunity. [1] According to one witness, the police and army provided protection for the attackers, encircling the church. Those who were kidnapped, it was said, were never seen again. Massacre du 26 Avril 1963 Vido de la terreur des Duvalier The exact number of victims still remains unknown. Backed by politician Franois Duvalier, Kebreau proclaimed himself head of the executive branch of government and organized the September 22 elections, later won by Duvalier. 1986 (January 31): Army soldiers led by Colonel Samuel Jrmie killed nearly one hundred people in Logane (Southwest of Port-au-Prince) during a demonstration of peasants who were (prematurely) celebrating the departure into exile of Jean-Claude Duvalier. When Papa Doc began killing anyone he suspected of political opposition, Emmanuel took action . The Tonton Macoute ( Haitian Creole: Tonton Makout) [1] [2] [3] or simply the Macoute [4] [5] was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier. Tonton Macoutes - Wikipedie [from 20th c.] 2011, Kim Ives, The Guardian, 22 March: Every Macoute received a card that afforded him many privileges, like free merchandise from any store he entered, entitlement to coerced sex, and fear and respect from people in general. Reconpilacin y notas, Santo Domingo: Editora Taller, 1985. St. Jean Bosco massacre - Wikipedia Roc, Nancy, Requiem pour la Scierie, in Alterpress, Port-au-Prince, April 16, 2004. This is a secret force of two or three thousand gun-carrying ruffians, wearing no uniforms, a . Duvalier authorized the Tontons Macoutes to commit systematic violence and human rights abuses toward his ends; they were responsible for unknown numbers of murders and rapes in Haiti. Tontons Macoutes stoned and burned people alive. Premier crasement du Cacoisme, Le Natal, Port-au-Prince, 1981. Tontons Macoutes | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research The most feared paramilitary group during the 1990s was the Front for the Advancement and Progress of Hati (FRAPH), which Toronto Star journalist Linda Diebel described as modern Tonton Macoutes, and not the legitimate political party it claimed to be. "Soldiers and Tonton Macoutes seemed infected with a blood lust and shot anyone who moved or came near the Benoit place," retired Marine Corps officer Charles T. Williamson, in Haiti to help train Duvalier's army, wrote in his 1999 memoir, United States Naval Mission to Haiti, 1959-1963. United Nations, Report of the Independent Expert of the Commission on Human Rights on the Situation of Human Rights in Haiti (AA 55/335), United Nations, New York, 2000. Schmidt, Hans, The United States Occupation of Haiti, 1915-1934, Rutgers University Press, New Jersey, 1971. (Label) 1971 Pulsar / Carlin Music Manufactured by RCA Limited, England. 1916-1917.
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