what companies does the carlyle group own

It was the biggest buyout loss in the Washington, D.C.-based firms 33-year history. Boston-based Berkshire Partners, seeing the predictable cash flows churned out in this noncyclical business, acquired a minority stake in the business. [37], As the activity of the large private equity firms increased in the mid-2000s, Carlyle kept pace with such competitors as KKR, Blackstone Group, and TPG Capital. Headquartered in Jacksonville, Florida, Acosta is a sales and marketing company for consumer packaged goods (CPG) companies. As of March 3, 2023, Carlyle Group Inc had a $12.6 billion market capitalization, compared to the Investment Management & Fund Operators median of $677.0 million. Last year, Moodys cut the rating on its debt deep into junk territory, citing elevated financial risk associated with its high debt level of $3.2 billion. Then a week ago, Leonard Green and CVC decided to pump another $200 million of equity into the company as part of a refinancing package. How does the braking system work in a car? In September 2006, Carlyle led a consortium, comprising Blackstone Group, Permira and TPG Capital, in the $17.6 billion takeover of Freescale Semiconductor. [64], In February 2023, Harvey Schwartz was appointed CEO of the group, replacing Kewsong Lee, who left the position abruptly the previous summer following a power struggle with the co-founders. Terms of the deal were not disclosed.[55]. The Carlyle Group LP said Tuesday it had teamed up with Seattle-based hotel investor The Dow Hotel Co. to purchase the Lakeway Resort and Spa near Austin, Texas, where the new owners said they'd . The company also suffered billing and customer-service issues as it had to recreate its back-office systems. VF recently reported in its fiscal first quarter 2021 earnings (June-end) that The North Face revenue was down 45%. Cool Tourists. According to their online portfolio, The Carlyle Group has also provided investment with Moncler, Vogue International, Dunkin' Donuts and Dr Pepper. If there is a greater number of buyers than sellers (more demand), the buyers bid up the prices of the stocks to entice sellers to sell more. Most recently Glenn sold 13,871 units of CG stock worth $385,614 on 3 August 2020.. The Carlyle Group's most common sectors for investment are software (8%) and financial services (7%) . 1987, Washington, DC (United States) Private equity firm focused on multiple sectors. The turmoil cost Acosta longtime clients. The Carlyle Group Inc. Analyst Report: The Carlyle Group Inc. How many companies has The Carlyle Group invested into total? Burdened with $3 billion in high-yield debt, Acosta had trouble meeting payments, creating a downward spiral that the marketing services company tried to cope with by firing some 3,000 of its 37,000 employees. Having purchased Acosta from Thomas H. Lee in 2014 in a $4.4 billion leveraged buyout, Carlyle was merely the last private equity firm at the table when the music stopped. Carlyle invests primarily in the following industries: aerospace, defense & government services, consumer & retail, energy, financial services, health care, industrial, real estate, technology and business services, telecommunications & media, and transportation. With offices in 19 countries, Carlyle can easily target opportunities throughout North America, Europe, Asia, Australia, the Middle East/North Africa and Latin America. Carlyle invests primarily in the following industries: aerospace, defense & government services, consumer & retail, energy, financial services, health care, industrial, real estate, technology and business services, telecommunications & media, and transportation. By approaching every investment with our full platform, we uncover new opportunities, transform businesses and foster innovation. 10 Largest Investment Management Companies BlackRock. [73], Carlyle's Real Assets segment advises 11 U.S. and internationally focused real estate funds, two infrastructure funds, two power funds, an international energy fund, and four Legacy Energy funds (funds that Carlyle jointly advises with Riverstone). Carlyle Group's largest holding is ZoomInfo Technologies Inc. with shares held of 36,662,469. We wouldn't blame The Carlyle Group Inc. (NASDAQ:CG) shareholders if they were a little worried about the fact that Kewsong Lee, the CEO & Director recently netted about US$18m selling shares. 23. The Carlyle Groupis a Washington, D.C. based global private equity investment firm with more than $58.5 billion of equity capital under management. It had 10,000 employees and a unique, can-do, optimistic culture legendary in the field. How many investments has this organization made over time? Carlisle Capital, which is run by members of the Binnie family, is one of the parties in talks with Derby County's administrators, Quantuma, Sky News learns. Image via Complex Original. According to company history, Acosta had $500,000 in revenues and just 26 employees in 1974. mega-sized private equity firm investors just like it. Morgan Stanley. The firm prefers to invest in the aerospace, government services, commercial products, consumer, media, retail, financial services, healthcare, infrastructure . Which types of acquisition does this organization make most frequently. All values as of most recently reported quarter unless otherwise noted. Global Credit Management of funds that pursue investments in distressed & special situations, direct lending, energy credit, loans & structured credit and opportunistic credit; and, Global Investment Solutions Management of funds that invest in private equity and real estate fund of funds, co-investment and secondaries through its, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 10:15. Carlyle invests primarily in the following industries: aerospace, defense & government services, consumer & retail, energy, financial services, health care, industrial, real estate, technology and business services . The firm, which at the time managed about $147 billion of assets, raised $671 million in the offering. In the chart below, you can see how the company has grown earnings and revenue, over time. It is one of the largest mega-funds in the world. The headquarters of the Carlyle Group in Washington. A lot of backstabbing and the management is horrible. (Co-investors like the California Public Employees Retirement System ponied up the other $280 million.). As a leader in the industry, weve developed a formula for success that brings our full platform to every interaction and transaction. Two years laters, in 2013 Carlyle acquires the remaining ownership stake in AlpInvest after which that business became a wholly-owned subsidiary. Their last reported 13F filing for Q4 2022 included $3,436,959,351 in managed 13F securities and a top 10 holdings concentration of 99.81%. In January 2021, The Carlyle Group acquired a majority stake in Jagex, a UK video game development studio known for the massively multiplayer online game RuneScape. Why Are They in Washington? Carlyle was founded in 1987 as an investment banking boutique by five partners with backgrounds in finance and government: William E. Conway Jr., Stephen L. Norris, David Rubenstein, Daniel A. It was then that a former Procter & Gamble salesman (who happened to handle its Clorox account) named Delmar Dallas took over Acosta. However, their overall investment might have been considerably larger, with the $2 million committed in 1995 only being an initial contribution that grew over time. The good news is that Carlyle Group is growing revenues, and EBIT margins improved by 6.0 percentage points to 50%, over the last year. So, the Carlyle Group is a multinational PE firm based in DC in the US. [73], AlpInvest Partners is one of the largest private equity investment managers globally with over $63 billion under management as of December 31, 2022, invested alongside more than 325 private equity firms. Date. At Carlyle, we lead with our depth of knowledge and industry expertise. Category for portfolio companies of the private equity investment firm: Carlyle Group[1] ^Portfolio companies are those companies that are currently or have been previously owned or controlled by the private equity firm or its affiliate funds. Files for Bankruptcy in Delaware", Carlyle Buys Remaining 40% of AlpInvest as It Diversifies, "Carlyle's Billionaire Founders Hand Reins to New Leaders", "Carlyle's Next Generation: A Deal Whiz and a Homegrown Quarterback", "Carlyle Group Co-CEOs Rubenstein, Conway Stepping Down", "The Carlyle Group and T&D Holdings Complete Acquisition of Majority Interest in Fortitude Group Holdings from AIG", "The Carlyle Group Partners with management to acquire Unison from Abry Partners", "Carlyle buys disinfecting machine maker stake in COVID-19 bet", "Carlyle co-chief Glenn Youngkin to step down", "Carlyle co-CEO Glenn Youngkin to retire, leaving reins to Kewsong Lee", "Carlyle Co-CEO Glenn Youngkin to Step Down", "Buyout fund Carlyle to swoop for Cambridge RuneScape studio Jagex", "Runescape is now owned by the world's second-largest private equity firm", "SOLD! Glenn Youngkin was the co-CEO of the firm. It also moved Acosta beyond grocery to tangential industries like restaurants. From the 1930s to the 1970s family-owned Acosta remained firmly rooted in Jacksonville. The Carlyle Group has acquired 174 organizations. But Carlyle was not the only private equity firm that had plans for the food industry. [33][34] The hiring of Gerstner, was intended to reduce the perception of Carlyle as a politically dominated firm. Norris and D'Aneillo had worked together at Marriott Corporation; Conway was a finance executive at MCI Communications. At the time of its announcement, Freescale would be the largest leveraged buyout of a technology company ever, surpassing the 2005 buyout of SunGard. [67][68], In February 2008, California legislators targeted Carlyle and Mubadala, proposing a bill that would have barred CalPERS from investing money "with private-equity firms that are partly owned by countries with poor records on human rights." From their earliest days, merchants of debtprivate equity shops in the current parlancehave been attracted to the food business. The Real Assets segment had about $44 billion in AUM as of March 31, 2018. The Firms most common exit type is trade sale (42%). Carlyle is one of the world's largest and most diversified global investment firms, with $373 billion of assets under management across 3 business segments and 543 investment vehicles. The Daily Telegraph reported the deal was worth at least $530 million, which was the price paid in the previous transaction in 2020. but has managed to turn his own narrative around. 34. The company offers asset management and financial services,. (Video) Private Equity: Industry Review - Ed Mathias, The Carlyle Group, (Video) Private Equity Lessons from the Carlyle, Beats and Apple Deal | Mink Learning, (Video) Top 10 Largest Private Equity Firms in the world, (Video) Building The Carlyle Group with David Rubenstein, American Business Leader. Equity capital for the investment came from Carlyle Partners VII, an $18.5 billion fund that focuses on buyout transactions in the U.S., and Carlyle Global Financial Services Partners III, L.P., a . 3G implemented its so-called zero-based budgeting tactics that forced managers to start at zero each year and justify every single expense. It also had a reputation for going the extra mile to ensure that its customers got premium placement at retailers. The Guernsey-based affiliate of Carlyle was very heavily leveraged, up to 32 times by some accounts, and it expected its creditors to seize its remaining assets. Carlyle has 327 portfolio exits. [27] QwestDex's purchase occurred in two stages: a $2.75billion acquisition of assets known as Dex Media East in November 2002 and a $4.30billion acquisition of assets known as Dex Media West in 2003. How is The North Face doing financially? So long as the U.S. economy grows and the stock market continues to rise, this precarious game of swapping companies among themselves, often at increasingly higher multiples, will persist. Walmart was on the rise, and supermarkets were combining to compete against the giant retailers everyday low prices. Those bigger supermarket chains didnt want to deal with dozens of brokers either, so Acosta, too, went national. In 1992, Carlyle completed the acquisition of the Electronics division of General Dynamics Corporation, renamed GDE Systems, a producer of military electronics systems. The apparel company spent $2.1 billion to beef up its portfolio with the viral streetwear label Supreme, but gorpwear is where it's at. Diversity Spotlight (US Headquarters Only): Types of diversity represented in an organization, specifically of those who are founding members, currently the CEO, or have check-writing abilities in an investment firm. Carlyle Group (CG) Stock Price Performance, Total Enterprise Value to Total Revenue (ttm). Prospa is an Australian owned and operated online lending service provider for small businesses within the region. Group President & Head Retail Assets, Alternate Channels, Debt Management, Retail Legal. [18], Carlyle's 2001 investor conference took place on September 11, 2001. By offering dual frequencies as standard, Galileo will deliver real-time positioning accuracy down . Following the IPO, Carlyle's three remaining founding partners, Rubenstein, D'Aniello and Conway retained the position as the company's largest shareholders. Image via Complex Original. Search By Name Industry Geography Status Year Invested Sort by Order 1E Industry Technology Invested Jun 2021 Status Current Read More A Twosome Place Industry First, they brought in Steve Matthesen, a former management consultant who had worked as an executive at TV-ratings outfit Nielsen. [40], In September 2006, Carlyle led a consortium, comprising Blackstone Group, Permira and TPG Capital, in the $17.6 billion takeover of Freescale Semiconductor. Reviews: 88% of readers found this page helpful, Address: 747 Lubowitz Run, Sidmouth, HI 90646-5543, Hobby: Digital arts, Lacemaking, Air sports, Running, Scouting, Shooting, Puzzles. [6] Rubenstein, a Washington-based lawyer, had worked in the Carter Administration. UBS Group. AUM: $9.464 trillion. State Street Global Advisors. 1001 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, In December, Matthew Laurie, the interim chief financial officer of Acosta Inc., said in a court document that the debt itself had become an operational issue: Acostas competitors have pointed to the companys significant indebtedness, contrasting their own de-levered balance sheets, to entice clients away.. In addition, earlier this month on Aug. 5, Carlyle Group co-founder Daniel D'Aniello, the company's chairman emeritus, sold 5 million shares in a single sale at a price of $46.80, yielding $234 . Within two years, Matthesen was out and replaced by Alejandro Rodriguez Bas, who had worked in the food business as a vice president at C&S Wholesale Grocers. 4. Hypebeasts. Global Private EquityGlobal CreditGlobal Investment Solutions Contact Us News & Media. The Carlyle Group, a global investment firm, acquired Accelerate Learning on Dec. 20, 2018, according to the firm's website. Equinix is an internet company that provides data center services for companies, businesses, and organizations. SHAKE UP AT CARLYLE The Carlyle Group's Chairman of the Americas Peter Clare is retiring after more than 30 years at the private equity firm, effective April 30. Yes Bank is a private sector bank that offers comprehensive banking and financial solutions to its customers. It didnt help that 30-year Acosta veteran and CEO, Robert Hill, decided to step down in 2016 and Carlyle, together with Acostas board, chose to replace him with two outsiders. Marketing budgets were slashed, and Acosta lost about $100 million of revenue from those two companies alone. [6][8] Rubenstein, Conway and D'Aneillo remain active in the business. What causes stocks to GO up and down? VLCC Healthcare acquired by The Carlyle Group, Ocmis Irrigazione acquired by The Carlyle Group, HCP Packaging acquired by The Carlyle Group, MAN TECHNOLOGY INC. acquired by The Carlyle Group, NSM Insurance Group acquired by The Carlyle Group, CBAM Partners acquired by The Carlyle Group, Total number of diversity investments made by an investor, This profile is locked. WhatsApp acquired by Facebook). [38][39], The following year, in August 2006, Carlyle and its Riverstone Holdings affiliate partnered with Goldman Sachs Capital Partners in the $27.5billion (including assumed debt) acquisition of Kinder Morgan, one of the largest pipeline operators in the US. Carlyle, together with Welsh, Carson, Anderson & Stowe, led a $7.5billion buyout of QwestDex,[26] the third-largest corporate buyout since 1989. What is the difference between benchmark and index? Acufocus is a medical device company that develops and markets KAMRA inlay for the treatment of near vision loss. It is inter-operable with GPS and Glonass, the two other global satellite navigation systems. Today, The North Face is based in San Leandro, California, near its corporate sibling, JanSport. The combination of our global reach, industry expertise and diverse teams allow us to maintain our competitive advantage and partner with great management teams to build better businesses and make an impact. All Rights Reserved. [52], On June 2, 2020, The Carlyle Group and T&D Holdings reported that they had concluded their purchase of a 76.6% stake in Fortitude Group Holdings, the latter of which comprises Fortitude Re, and American International Company Inc.[53] Also in June 2020, Unison had been purchased by the Carlyle Group and Unison management strategic investment company. In our ongoing series, ManufacturedHomes.com in conjunction with L.A. Tony Kovach from MHProNews, sits down with Mark Beliczky to discuss The Carlyle Group's new profit driven interest in the manufactured housing sector; specifically targeting the acquisition of land lease communities. The Carlyle Group has invested in multiple sectors such as HRTech, Security & Surveillance Technology, Online Travel and more. 3Gs Kraft Heinz zero-based budgeting model initially seemed like a success, so other consumer packaged goods companies copied it, taking food brokerage services in-house or slashing the expenses associated with them. Is there confession in the Armenian Church? The funding reportedly values the streetwear specialist at nearly $1 billion. AUM: $3.86 trillion. KKR fell 6 percent while the Carlyle Group slid almost 8 percent. If you'd like to suggest changes to this profile, please email us at support@crunchbase.com, Announced Date: Date when the Investment is announced, Organization Name: Name of the organization that received the investment, Lead Investor: This field indicates whether an investor led/organized the investment, Funding Round: Name of the funding round where the Investment is made, Money Raised: Amount of money raised in Funding Round. Without advertising income, we can't keep making this site awesome for you. Lou Gerstner, former chairman and CEO of IBM and Nabisco, replaced Frank Carlucci as chairman of Carlyle in January 2003. And it might be only the beginning of an even bigger U.K. commitment to Ukraines rearmament. 1. Ex-Goldman executive joins Carlyle to lead PE group Harvey Schwartz is set to become chief executive of private equity group Carlyle. In 2008 Carlyle launched Carlyle Capital, an offshore public company that invested in mortgage-related securities. The Carlyle Group is one of the world's largest alternative-asset managers, with $372.7 billion in total assets under management . 20004 www.carlyle.com [35] At the time, Carlyle, which had been founded 15 years earlier had accumulated $13.9 billion of assets under management and had generated annualized returns for investors of 36%. Fidelity. It specializes in private equity, real assets, and private credit. On October 2017, The Carlyle Group made a $500 million investment in the brand Supreme valuing the company at $1 billion. What are two equity based modes of entry? The Carlyle Group (NASDAQ: CG) is a global investment firm with deep industry expertise that deploys private capital across three business segments: Global Private Equity, Global Credit and. The Carlyle Group is also a major investor in US Investigations Services, which is the privatized arm of the United States Office of Personnel Management 's Office of Federal Investigations. Investguiding is a website that writes about many topics of interest to you, a blog that shares knowledge and insights useful to everyone in many fields. In 2000, it was bought by VF Corporation. [82], On March 12, 2008, BBC News Online reported that "instead of underpinning the mortgage-backed securities market, it seems to have had the opposite effect, giving lenders an opportunity to dump the risky asset" and that Carlyle Capital Corp. "will collapse if, as expected, its lenders seize its remaining assets. Supreme, the behemoth skateboarding company based in New York, is the latest fashion company acquired in a mega-deal: Today the brand announced its $2.1 billion sale to VF Corporation, the company that owns Vans, The North Face, and Timberlandall frequent Supreme collaboratorsand Dickies. Carlyle was founded in 1987 by its three founders - Bill Conway, Dan D'Aniello, and David Rubenstein. What is the average price of a home in Ohio? Who can forget KKRs $31 billion battle over RJR Nabisco in 1988? [11] Carlyle would sell the business to Tracor in October 1994. Nearly debt-free, Acosta will now compete against food brokers like struggling Advantage Solutions. [88] Moore focused on Carlyle's connections with George H. W. Bush and his Secretary of State James Baker, both of whom had at times served as advisers to the firm. What are the components of holding period return? The bill, which was intended to draw attention to the connection between Carlyle and Mubadala Development, was later withdrawn. The work environment is very supportive and positive. [78], In March 2008, Carlyle Capital Corporation established in August 2006[79] for the purpose of making investments in U.S. mortgage-backed securities defaulted on about $16.6 billion of debt as the global credit crunch brought about by the subprime mortgage crisis worsened for leveraged investors. Every day, new opportunities emerge around M&A and we help professionals of all types comb through transactions, investors, and corporate acquirers via an easy-to-use web database that is accessible to anyone. of these companies, their management team, and recent news are also included. [10], Carlyle developed a reputation for acquiring businesses related to the defense industry. The Investor Relations website contains information about The Carlyle Group's business for stockholders, potential investors, and financial analysts. Diversity Spotlight (US Headquarters Only). Companies. The letter was written in the wake of nationwide protests and riots that began on May 26, the day after George Floyd died . On the front of this label, it should say 'Made in U.S.A.' with a dot after each letter. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Berkshire Partners sold Acosta in 2006 to AEA Investors for an undisclosed sum. Collapsed crypto exchange FTX's bankruptcy proceedings could endanger some of founder Sam Bankman-Frieds philanthropic gifts like the one an effective altruism-aligned group used to buy a castle in Czechia. We focus on theindustries in which we believe our deep expertise provides us with a competitive advantage. Together, Berkshire Partners and Hellman and Friedman wound up losing some $800 million of equity. Terms of the deal were not disclosed. BJ. On December 1, 2019, Acosta filed for bankruptcy protection in Wilmington, Delaware. But in an unusual twist of fate its owner, perhaps the most famous private equity shop of all, Carlyle Group, got stuck holding the proverbial bag. In 2013, private equity firm 3G Capital, together with Warren Buffett, bought H.J. Blackstone Group Inc on Friday secured the support of Bill Gates, the biggest shareholder in Signature Aviation, bolstering its bid to buy the private-jet servicing company in the face of a rival . In 2015, Carlyle was the world's largest private equity firm by capital raised over the . Carlyle pushed Acosta into developing new offerings for existing clients like in-store demonstrations and creating online social communities. These national manufacturers wanted simplicity rather than dealing with a different broker in each market. Then there were the once formidable supermarket chainsA&P, Pathmark, Fresh & Easyall now resting in a graveyard of companies financially reengineered out of existence. The terms of the deal were not disclosed. The Bin Laden family liquidated its holdings in Carlyle's funds in October 2001, just after the September 11 attacks, when the connection of their family name to the Carlyle Group's name became impolitic.[25]. Revenues doubled every three years from 1974 to 1996. The Acosta bankruptcy is a cautionary tale for todays frothy private equity boom. Why franchising is a smart business solution? The mining equipment manufacturer has risen 7% in value as it predicted further progress in 2023. Founded in 1987 in Washington, DC, our global team today is comprised of more than 2,100 professionals operating in 29 offices across 5 continents. Carlyle has been actively expanding its investment activities and assets under management through a series of acquisitions and joint-ventures. But after the two-stage buyout of Dex Media at the end of 2002 and 2003, large multibillion-dollar U.S. buyouts could once again obtain high-yield debt financing and larger transactions could be completed. Heinz, which would go on to buy Kraft Foods in 2015. The Carlyle Group has made 177 acquisitions and 573 investments. The Carlyle Group, the global investment firm with over $300 billion in assets under management, is launching a diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) council for CEOs at the 270 companies in its . In 2017, Carlyle acquired a 19.9 percent stake in China Pacific Insurance Company, making it the first international private equity firm to be approved by the CCP for investment into a state-owned insurance company. [24] These connections would later be profiled in Michael Moore's Fahrenheit 911. Global Private Equity Management of Carlyle's family of private equity funds investing primarily in leveraged buyout and growth capital transactions through a range of geographically focused investment funds. [28] R. H. Donnelley Corporation acquired Dex Media in 2006. SCCM ADMIN/EXECUTIVE SUPPORT (Current Employee) - Washington, DC - May 15, 2019. Hawaiian Telcom ultimately filed for bankruptcy in December 2008, costing Carlyle the $425 million it had invested in the company. [89], In The World According to Bush, William Karel interviewed Frank Carlucci to discuss the presence of Shafiq bin Laden, Osama bin Laden's estranged brother, at Carlyle's annual investor conference while the September 11 attacks were occurring.[20][21][22]. In 2005, Carlyle, together with Clayton, Dubilier & Rice and Merrill Lynch completed the $15.0billion leveraged buyout of The Hertz Corporation, the largest car rental agency from Ford. Dainese acquired by Carlyle Group for 630 million", "Carlyle Agrees to Buy US Government Contractor ManTech for $3.9 Billion", "Carlyle's acquisition of Abingworth brings $2 billion to fuel life science investments", "Global Investment Firm Carlyle to Acquire International Marketing Agency Incubeta", "Deals & Deal Makers: Calpers Buys 5% Stake in Carlyle Group For $175 Million, Invests in Some Funds", "Government of Abu Dhabi Buys Stake in Carlyle", "Carlyle to Sell Stake to a Mideast Government", "Bill limiting CalPERS, CalSTRS investments withdrawn", "Carlyle Group Form 10-Q (Quarterly Report) March 2018", "Carlyle to buy up to $4.8 billion stake in Cepsa from Abu Dhabi's Mubadala", "Carlyle Capital Corporation Intends to File for Compulsory Winding up in Guernsey", "Carlyle Capital in default, on brink of collapse", "Carlyle Founders Consider Cash Infusion", "Fed Hopes to Ease Strain on Economic Activity", "The Companies (Guernsey) Laws, 1994 To 1996, As Amended", "Carlyle Capital Corporation Intends To File For Compulsory Winding Up In Guernsey", "CCC's Woes Seen as Small Blemish for Carlyle Group", "Carlyle executives exonerated over collapsed bond fund", "Factual Back-Up for Fahrenheit 9/11: Section Four", "Bin Laden Family Could Profit From a Jump In Defense Spending Due to Ties to U.S. Bank", Private investment in public equity (PIPE), Taxation of private equity and hedge funds, Private equity and venture capital investors, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Carlyle_Group&oldid=1142434140, Financial services companies established in 1987.

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